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Bing Kong Tong
The Bing Kong Tong () was one of the powerful Tongs in San Francisco's Chinatown during the early 20th century. Since most, if not all, Chinatowns founded in the United States in the 19th century were founded by migrants from the province of Canton (''Guangdong'' in mandarin Chinese, which is a spoken Chinese dialect different from that spoken by the Cantonese), many place names were transliterated from the Cantonese dialect. The word 堂, "tong" or "tong4", here means "hall" and is not to be confused with 黨, "dong2", which means gang or (political) party. Bing Kong Tong would be more accurately transliterated as "Bing2 Goong1 Tong4", meaning "hall upholding justice". Perhaps because many halls rivaled each other and had loyalists who would form gangs, it seems that the confusion has been perpetrated and perpetuated.
Known as the ''Bing Kong Tong Society'' (or ''Bing Kung Association'' in Seattle, Washington), the organization was one of the largest in California when the Hop Sing and Suey Sing Tongs allied against the Bing Kongs, instigating one of the most violent of the Tong wars in the United States. As the gang war continued, the numerous murders caught the attention of the press as the often gruesome slayings were detailed. Eventually an investigation headed by Santa Rosa, California, attorney Wallace L. Ware,〔Street, Richard Steven. (''Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913'' ). Stanford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8047-3880-7, ISBN 978-0-8047-3880-4. p398.〕 in cooperation with the District Attorney's office, exposed the extent of the Bing Kongs influence throughout the Chinese American populations along the west coast and southwestern United States (as far as the conviction of four members for a Tong murder in Kingman, Arizona). Weakened by the decade long war against the rival Tongs as well as state authorities, the Bing Kongs would eventually merge as a powerful trade union, under the ''Association; Free Masons'' although it is suspected by federal and local law enforcement officials to still have remaining ties to organized crime.
==References==
*Devito, Carlo. ''Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime'', Facts On File, Inc.: New York, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-4848-7
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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